India is a country having 22 officially recognized languages. People speaking all these different languages are spread across the length and breadth of the country. For the survival of all these players in this sector where the customer is the king, a fair deal of “Market Research” is needed.

 

Television is a huge industry with thousands of programs. It is remarkable to know that almost half of all Indian households own a television which is astonishing given that 77 % of the population earns less than Rs.20/-per day. .

 

The first telecast was made by the state owned “Doordarshan” on 15th September 1959 in New Delhi. India has come a long way from the good old days of transmission for limited number or hours to a houseful of Indian homes.  After 1991 the television industry too went through major transition, thanks to the economic and social reforms undertaken by the Narasimha Rao government. This gave rise to foreign channels like CNN, Star TV and domestic channels such as Zee TV and Sun TV which started broadcasting in India.

 

Presently TV covers more than 70 million homes and there are more than 200 channels to view and is the number source of entertainment in our country.

 

Initially in early 1990s it used be the small business setups who would provide cable to houses that would enable viewership of all channels. That also has seen a change in the recent years. Now if you look around Indian cities, towns and villages you will find mini dishes just about everywhere. These are the DTH or Direct to Home TV receivers. These DTH receivers have been eating into the market share of the cable operators. One of the main reasons for this surge in dishes across India is the cost benefit and very good client servicing.

 

These low costs are mainly due to the increasing competition in the DTH market. Originally when DTH was introduced there wasn’t any big competition in the market. Two major players that ruled the DTH market in India were “Dish TV” and “Tata Sky”. But today there are more and more players in the sector. Sun Direct, Big TV from the Reliance group, Airtel DTH are a few to mention. Airtel had created waves in the mobile and broadband sector but could not penetrate that much into

 

the television sets of India. It is Sun Direct that is cruising fast through its competition. Next in the line is Videocon’s DTH service (Brand name ‘Videocon D2H’), is lined up to be launched within F/Y 2008-2009.

 

DTH providers have to come up with innovative pricing schemes and packages for their customers. This is mainly done by keeping TRP’s and other television ratings as the main premise of “Market Research”. SRPL conducted primary research to understand the phenomena. We found that, they also keep records of daily trends which help them in coming out with more economical and entertaining packages for various kinds of household setups. By setups we mean houses with occupants belonging to different ages and from various demographic backgrounds.

 

In this respect Sun TV has revolutionized the pricing schemes. For instance Sun Direct DTH is charging only Rs. 75 for the

 

basic channel package which will satisfy most of the customers where as cable operators charge Rs. 150 to Rs. 200. This is especially satisfying for the customers from south India. Most of these DTH operators offer a variety of channel packages. These packages offer variety of channels

 

at a lower price compared to the price when they are taken individually.

 

In addition to this DTH operators are coming up with add on services like for instance the latest one from “Tata Sky” that offers a viewer the power to plan and control his TV viewing experience with features such as Record Live TV and Pause & Rewind Live TV. 

Bollywood is known for its elaborate song and dance productions. In fact, the musicality of Bollywood films makes the Indian film industry truly unique. Nowhere in the world can you find modern film making that is tightly integrated with songs and dances. Thus the birth of Hindi karaoke CDs have been influenced mainly by the musicality of Bollywood films.

If you watch and listen to Hindi karaoke CDs, you will be literally transported to Bollywood. That’s because Indian film songs and karaoke music are captured in Hindi karaoke CDs and DVD compilations. When you speak of Hindi or Indian karaoke CDs, you are actually describing the beautiful productions of Bollywood films and music.

How to Find Hindi Karaoke CDs

If you want to easily find Hindi or Indian karaoke CDs, then the best place to start your search is through the online Indian music industry. You can find the best Hindi karaoke CDs on the Internet. In fact, because of the growing popularity of Bollywood, Hindi karaoke CDs now dominate the regional market for Indian songs.

You can also find the best Hindi karaoke CDs music provider online. The best Hindi karaoke CDs music provider can offer thousands of Indian film songs. You can certainly choose from this wide collection and select your favorite songs. You can request the provider to make custom Indian karaoke CDs based on your selection.

You can also have wider choices of music genres. If you prefer classic Indian songs, then you can choose specific music and order custom classic Indian karaoke CDs. On the other hand, if you want mainstream Indian pop music and Bollywood acts, you can easily compile one and order your customized Hindi karaoke CDs.

Language is not a Problem

If you want to listen and sing along with Indian film songs, you can simply purchase different Hindi karaoke CDs. Bollywood music is produced from different regional and major languages in India. Naturally, Hindi karaoke CDs can also be produced based on different language variations.

You need not worry though because Indian karaoke CDs and DVD providers have the technology to include multi-language functionality in the Hindi karaoke CDs. As much as 4 language lines can be included in the Hindi karaoke CDs and DVD collection.

A technology called titling synchronization is available on Hindi karaoke CDs. The synchronization occurs as the music on Indian karaoke CDs is being played. So you will never miss a note and lyrics because the Hindi karaoke CDs have perfect synchronization of lyrics and music.

Cinematic Audio of Hindi Karaoke CDs

One of the best qualities of Hindi karaoke CDs is its crisp and cinematic audio. Hindi karaoke CDs essentially capture the audio quality of Bollywood cinema music. That’s because the Indian karaoke CDs are created using the latest stereophonic technology. Your voice quality therefore will not suffer because you can hear clear music from Hindi karaoke CDs.

Find the best Indian karaoke CDs on the Internet. You will never get disappointed by the quality of video and audio of Indian karaoke CDs.

For you to thoroughly enjoy Agara’s beautiful sites, you can stay in some of the luxurious hotels located within this city. Located in the North sate of Uttar Pradesh, India, Agara is one of the most beautiful and well known places in the region because of its rich history. Known as the third largest city situated in Uttar Pradesh, it sits beside the Yamuna River banks.

Located in the North sate of Uttar Pradesh, India, Agara is one of the most beautiful and well known places in the region because of its rich history. Known as the third largest city situated in Uttar Pradesh, it sits beside the Yamuna River banks. This area has been mentioned in Mahabharta, an Indian Epic. In the story, it calls Agra as Agrabana, meaning “Paradise”. True enough, with its rich culture and majestic landscapes and infrastructures, the city of Agara is considered as a favorite vacation spot for tourists.

One of Agara’s prides is the famous Taj Mahal building. This historical site is included in the New Seven Wonders of the World as well as Agara’s World Heritage Sites. Known to have been constructed for Mumtaz Mahal, the beloved and favorite wife of Mughal Badshah (king) Shah Jahan, this beautiful monument is made from marble. It is also famous for its symmetrical masterpiece surrounded with a splendid garden. Located by the Yamuna River banks, the Taj Mahal was built there by Ustad Isa, a Persian Architect. You can visit this place everyday from 6:00 AM up to 7:30 PM, except on Fridays.

Another wonderful site to visit is the Agra Fort, also known as Red Fort, which exhibits the architecture of the Mughals. This beautiful fort has a crescent shape that is flat towards the eastern portion. Its nearly straight long wall faces the river and is surrounded by double castellated rampart structures that are made up of red sandstone with intervals of bastions. It also has a total area of 2.4 km.

In addition to these beautiful sites, another must see site is the Fatephur Sikri. This grandiose place was built by Mughal Emperor Akhbar and boasts of various buildings that entails exquisite historical importance. It is also part of Agara’s World Heritage Sites.

For you to thoroughly enjoy Agara’s beautiful sites, you can stay in some of the luxurious hotels located within this city. The top three hotels in Agara are the following:

The Oberoi Amarvilas – Agra, Agra

Oberoi hotel is located 600 meters away from the majestic building of The Taj Mahal in Agra as well as eight miles away from the Agra Kheria Airport.

This hotel has been specially designed to provide guests with the stunning view of the Taj Mahal building. This is from its suites and guestrooms. In addition, the bar, tea lounges as well as lobby gives a beautiful view of this famous monument. Reflecting pools, terraced lawns as well as fountains, pavilions and elaborate gardens go together with the classic hotel architecture. Guests would really enjoy sightseeing tours assisted by qualified guides, outdoor heated pools, spa therapies, saunas, steam rooms and the gymnasium.

Furthermore, the Oberoi Amarvilas also provides assistance with the arrival of guests as well as the departure of their guests. They also assist in transfers for railway stations or complimentary airports, along with their round the clock dining services, complimentary shoeshine, butler services, airline ticket services, babysitting services, beauty salons, dry cleaning, laundry services, ironing, currency exchange, parking and shopping arcades among others.

Every room has its own entrance foyer, which leads to the living room area and walk-in closet. With the Burma teak floors as well as rugs that are hand knotted, a feeling of welcome and warm atmosphere is created. The room’s interiors consist of an Indian-styled bed cover that has hand made woven fabrics, a luxuriously inlaid desk, a beautiful marble coffee table as well as a lavish lounge chair and ottoman. The bathrooms are made with white marble, Pilkington glass panels, with an individual shower cubicle as well as a spacious vanity counter that contains deluxe toiletries. Each room has modern amenities like satellite TV, dataports, DVD players, coffee or tea making machine, and also electronic safes.

Room Amenities

- Television (Cable/Satellite)
- Newspaper (Free)
- Air Conditioning (In Room)
- Telephone
- Daily Maid Service
- Microwave Oven
- Non-Smoking Rooms
- Television
- Coffee Maker
- Safe (In Room)
- Balcony/Terrace
- Mini-Bar

Hotel Details

- Built in 2001
- No. Of Floors – 5
- No. Of Rooms – 102
- 105 Rooms / 5 Floors
- Car Rental Desk
- Fitness Facility
- Family Rooms
- Dining
- Free Parking
- Business Center
- Meeting Room
- Shopping Mall/ Area
- Luxury
- Health Spa/Massage
- Resort
- Pool (Outdoor)

The Mughal Agra, Agra

The Mughal Hotel is located near the Agra City Center and is situated close to the fascinating Taj Mahal. Sited in an enchanted garden measuring about 35 acres, this hotel boasts of superb interiors, excellent services, exceptional cuisine, as well as modern technology, all these come together in order to make out an extraordinary and grand experience.

Room Amenities

- Air Conditioning (In Room)
- Refrigerator
- Newspaper (Free)
- Telephone
- Non-Smoking Rooms
- Television (Cable/Satellite)
- DVD/VCR
- Television
- Daily Maid Service
- Mini-Bar
- Kitchen/Kitchenette

Hotel Details

- Built in 1976
- 288 Rooms / 3 Floors
- No. Of Floors – 3
- No. Of Rooms – 285
- Free Parking
- Car Rental Desk
- Fitness Facility
- Family Rooms
- Swimming Pool
- Business Center
- Wheel Chair Access
- Tennis Court
- Dining
- Luxury
- Meeting Room
- Dry Cleaning
- Jogging Track
- Resort
- Health Club
- Pool (Outdoor)
- Pool (Children)
- Tennis (Outdoor)
- Bicycling

Taj View Hotel Agra, Agra

Taj View Hotel provides you with rooms that enable you to savour the view of Taj Mahal. This hotel is 2 kilometres away from the city centre. Their poolside is made up of white marble surrounded with beautiful palm trees. The Jhilmil coffee shop offers you with a delicious buffet as well as mouth watering a la carte. The Nazara restaurant contains delightful Indian and Chinese cuisine.

To have relaxation during your dining, an accompaniment of Indian vocal performers is there to serenade you. In addition, live piano performances are held in the lobby lounge from 7:00 AM up to 10:00 PM from Monday until Saturday. This hotel also has a shopping arcade and health club facilities.

Complimentary gymnasium use is also included, along with steam bath as well as chill shower. For transportation, you can hire a car with a personal chauffeur from this hotel. Scooter rickshaws are also available for your use throughout the city.

Room Amenities

- Air Conditioning (In Room)
- Telephone
- Refrigerator
- Newspaper (Free)
- Television (Cable/Satellite)
- Daily Maid Service
-

Hotel Details

- Built in 1975
- 100 Rooms / 5 Floors
- No. Of Floors – 5
- No. Of Rooms – 100
- Family Rooms
- Fitness Facility
- Car Rental Desk
- Swimming Pool
- Business Centre
- Wheel Chair Access
- Resort
- Dining
- Hot Tub
- Meeting Room
- Shopping Mall/ Area
- Pool (Outdoor)
- Health Club
- Health Spa/Massage
- Tennis (Outdoor)
- Jogging Track

Its quite a hotly contested argument, but Indian restaurant owners and chefs alike are getting rather heated over the question of who exactly owns teh worlds hottest curry?

lets take a look at the contestants.

The Bollywood Burner

A curry so hot it comes with a health warning has been created by a London chef who is hoping to make the record books.

The Bollywood Burner is made with the eye-wateringly hot Naga pepper and seeds – one of the world’s hottest chillis.

The Naga pepper measures 855,000 on the Scoville scale of piquancy – over 100 times hotter than a jalapeno pepper which measures just 8,000.

Diners at The Cinnamon Club are required to sign a disclaimer saying they are aware of the nature and risks involved with tasting the lamb-based Bollywood Burner before eating it.

Chef Vivek Singh said his dish was inspired by cuisine from Hyderabad, the state capital of Andhra Pradesh in India.

He said: “We found a list of the 10 hottest chillies and decided to try and use some of them. I think it will be the hottest curry in the world.”

He added that the curry may not regularly appear on the menu: “I would create it on demand for customers but will not include it all the time, I think it’s just too extreme a dish.”

Toby Steele, 19, a student from Brighton was the first to taste the Bollywood Burner at the restaurant on Great Smith Street in Westminster.

He said: “I’m usually a korma man and I suspect this is the hottest thing I’ve ever tasted.

“It was nice actually, you could really taste the spices.

“The initial taste isn’t that hot but now, a couple of minutes later, I feel a bit floaty and light-headed.”

The Bollywood Burner will be submitted to the Guinness World Records for verification of its status as the world’s hottest curry. The results should be announced in two to three weeks.

Curry Hell

Bangladeshi restaurateur Rukon Latif, owner of the Rupali Restaurant in the city of Newcastle, says he has cooked a curry that is hotter than the Bollywood Burner. He calls it Curry Hell – a dish that he says was created by his father Abdul Latif when he opened Rupali in 1977.

“How dare they claim the Bollywood Burner is hotter than Curry Hell?” asked Latif. “Dad would be turning in his grave. We’ve been serving the Curry Hell for years now and it’s one of our most popular dishes.”

“But we’ve been thinking of ways to make it stronger – we are experimenting with using Mexican chillies rather than the crushed Indian bird’s eye chillies we use traditionally. The heat does not come from the chillies alone. There’s a secret ingredient too which gives it its kick,” he added.

Meanwhile, celebrities have been sampling the Bollywood Burner and sweating with delight.

Popular chat show host Jonathan Ross wolfed down the dish on television Friday night after signing the ‘by-my-own-will’ disclaimer. But Hollywood actor Steve Carell politely turned down Ross’s offer to sample a spoonful.

Lianne la Borde of the Daily Star newspaper said: “It is the hottest I have ever tasted. At first, it tasted delicious. Then my mouth caught fire. It even made me feel dizzy. Definitely, one for the connoisseur. ”

Chloe Scott, food editor for the Metro tabloid, said: “It is the seeds of the pepper, which make it unbearably hot. The chemical in chillies, the capsaicin, doesn’t burn but fools the brain into feeling pain.”

Metro taster James Ellis said: “I’ve tried the Bollywood Burner and, while scorchingly spicy, it is daal-icious. The lamb-based curry is innocuous enough at the first bite, especially if you only try the filling.

“But a mouthful, including the Scotch bonnet casing, saw my taste buds melt in fury at the inferno in my mouth. Meanwhile, my heartbeat, which started at a resting pace of 68 beats per minute, zoomed up to 128 – the equivalent of doing aerobic exercise.”

Toby Steele, a 19-year-old student who was the first person to taste the Burner, said: “The initial taste isn’t that hot but now, a couple of minutes later, I feel a bit floaty and light-headed.”

Sting Operation –To be or not to be?

A Sting Operation is an operation designed to catch a person committing a crime by means of deception. A complicated confidence game planned and executed with great care. The word “sting” derives its origin from American usage to mean a police undercover operation designed to ensnare criminals. The word “sting” is a synonym for the expression “set a trap to catch a crook” and this article uses the term in that sense. In more refined terms, it can be called Investigative Journalism or Undercover Journalism. Sting Operation is an information-gathering exercise; it looks for facts that are not easy to obtain by simple requests and searches, or those that are actively being concealed, suppressed or distorted.

An informed citizenry the bedrock of a democracy, holding the government accountable through voting and participation requires investigative journalism which cannot sustain itself on asymmetric dissemination of information. In many cases, the subjects of the reporting wish the matters under scrutiny to remain undisclosed. Among the most popular programmes in India, are those reporting on corruption and misdeeds of politicians and government officials. ‘Candid camera,’ reports many true stories of the day the bribe that the police inspector extracts from the victim of a crime before agreeing to investigate, the ‘fee’ that the government officer charges for his giving the order to make an electric connection, and the ‘contribution’ that a company pays a member of Parliament before bringing up a legislative concern in the Lok Sabha. Because of all these things do we really require Sting Operations? At the same time, where such investigative work involves the use of covert methods, it raises issues that tend to further blur the line between law and ethics. Is deception legitimate when the aim is to tell the truth? Is any method justifiable no matter the working conditions and the difficulties in getting information? Can television reporters use hidden cameras to get a story? Can journalists use false identities to gain access to information? The critical question that surfaces is “to what extent can the media go and to what extent should a person be informed?”

Sting Operations In India
Sting Operations are undertook with a view to look into the working of the govt. or to see whether the acts of any individual is against the public order. On the basis of the purpose Sting Operations can be classified as positive and negative. Positive Sting Operation is one which results in the interest of the society, which pierces the veils of the working of the government. It is carried out in the public interest. Due to positive sting operation society is benefited because it makes government responsible and accountable. It leads to the transparency in the government. On the other hand negative sting operations do not benefit the society, but they do harm the society and its individuals. It unnecessarily violates the privacy of the individual without any beneficial results to the society. These types of Sting operations if allowed then it will hamper the freedom of the individuals and restricts their rights. Here are some examples which we can distinguish as positive and negative sting operations.

1. Positive Sting Operations:
„« Sting operations on ultra-sound centers carried out by the Health officers in Karnataka for “serious enforcement’’ of the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act which bans sex determination of foetuses and consequent abortion of female ones to stop female foeticide.

„« The Ministry (by the Cable Television Networks Regulation Act and Programme Code), has prohibited the transmission of Cineworld channel for 30 days for showing “objectionable content.” Because it “offended good taste and decency” and it “was obscene and likely to corrupt public morality and was not suited for unrestricted public exhibition”

„« An operation by an online news site called Tehelka to catch top politicians and army officers taking bribes from journalists posing as businessmen.

„« An operation in which a journalist posing as a struggling actress met actor Shakti Kapoor, who promised in the televised footage that his secretary would introduce her to movie producers and directors.

2. Negative Sting Operations:
Instances over the years have shown that though sting operations do expose corruption in some cases, sometimes they seriously violate the rules of journalism in the pursuit of profit and short-term sensationalism.

„« The Delhi High Court on Friday, 7th September, 2007, issued notices to the Delhi government and city police after taking suo motu cognisance of media reports alleging that a sting operation carried out by a TV channel, which claimed to have exposed a sex racket run by a government school teacher Uma Khurana, for allegedly luring her pupils into prostitution has now been revealed to be completely fabricated and was fake and distorted.

„« The Supreme Court on Wednesday, 7th February, 2007, issued notices to a private news channel and its reporter for carrying out a sting operation carried out in the year 2004, which allegedly showed a non-bailable warrant could be procured against any person by paying a hefty amount in the court.

These incidents are an example of how a sting operation can go wrong and become an exercise in trapping an innocent person. India TV’s chief editor, Rajat Sharma, said that there was no violation of privacy in exposing such matters as political corruption or the trading of jobs for sex in Bollywood, a practice known in movie and theatrical business lore as the casting couch. “If you are serious about exposing certain social evils, there is no other option but to use sting operations.”

Do We Really Need Sting Operations?
The media plays an important role in a democratic society. It acts as the fourth institute outside the Government . Sting operations are methods of uncovering information. Although, the Indian Constitution does not expressly mention the liberty of the press, it is evident that the liberty of the press is included in the freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1) (a). Various Constitutions have guaranteed free press or media as a fundamental right . Freedom of press is a special right under art. 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India, 1950 but it has certain restrictions. The democratic credentials are judged by the extent of freedom the media enjoys in a particular state . Further the media has a right to impart the information to the public. Freedom of speech includes freedom to communicate, advertise, publish or propagate ideas and the dissemination of information . Furthermore Art. 19(1) also incorporates within itself right to receive information about any event, happening or incident etc. “The heart of journalism has to be public interest” and Sting operations, serve public interest.

In Romesh Thappar v. State of Madras Court said, “…. The public interest of freedom of discussion (of which the freedom of press is one aspect) stems from the requirement that members of a democratic society should be sufficiently informed so that they may influence intelligently the decisions which may affect themselves. ….In some the fundamental principle involved here is the peoples’ right to know.”

This concept of peoples’ right to know, which was found to be so essential for democracy, was located by the Court in Article 19(1)(a) in Bennett Coleman and Co. v. Union of India observing thus:

“Although Article 19(1)(a) does not mention the freedom of the press, it is settled view of the Court that freedom of speech and expression includes freedom of the press and circulation.”

The Court held:
“Press has a fundamental right to express itself; the community has a right to be supplied with information; and the Government has a duty to educate the people within the limits of its resources.”

Justice Mathews ruled in the case of State of UP v. Raj Narain , “The people of this country have a right to know every public act, everything that is done in a public way by their public functionaries. Their right to know is derived from the concept of freedom of speech”.

In S.P. Gupta v. Union of India , “No democratic Government can survive without accountability and the basic postulate of accountability is that people should have the information about the working of the Government.”

In Prabha Dutt v. Union of India the Supreme Court upheld the right claimed by the press to interview prisoners that the right claimed by the Press was not the right to express any particular view or opinion but right to means of information through the medium of interview of the prisoners.

In Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Private Ltd. and Ors v. Union of India and Ors. , the Court emphasized that the freedom of press and information were “vital for the realization of human rights”. The court relied upon the Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948

Why No To Sting Operations?
With great power comes great responsibility, therefore the freedom under Article 19(1)(a) is correlative with the duty not to violate any law. Every institution is liable to be abused, and every liberty, if left unbridled, may lead to disorder and anarchy. Television channels in a bid to increase their Trade Related Practices (TRP’s) ratings are resorting to sensationalized journalism. Sting operations have now become the order of the day. The carrying out of a sting operation may be an expression of the right to free press but it caries with it an indomitable duty to respect the privacy of others.

In Time v. Hill the U.S. Supreme Court said: “The constitutional guarantee of freedom of speech to press is not for the benefit of the press so much as for the benefit of all the people. The same principle was followed by Mathew, J. in Bennett Coleman and Co. v. Union of India.

Article 19(2) – An Exception to Article 19(1): It is however pertinent to mention that, freedom of speech and expression of press is not absolute but is qualified by certain clearly defined limitations under Article 19(2) in the interests of the public.

In Romesh Thappar v. State of Madras, and Brij Bhushan v. State of Delhi the Court firmly expressed its view that there could not be any kind of restriction on the freedom of speech and expression other than those mentioned in Art 19(2) and thereby made it clear that there could not be any interference with that freedom in the name of public interest even when Clause (2) of Article 19 was subsequently substituted under the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951 by a new clause which permitted the imposition of reasonable restrictions on the freedom of speech and expression of media.

Against Right to Privacy: The individual who is the subject of a press or television ‘item’ has his or her personality, reputation or career dashed to the ground after the media exposure. He too has a fundamental right to live with dignity and respect and a right to privacy guaranteed to him under Article 21 of the Constitution. The Supreme Court, Kharak Singh v. State of UP held that right to privacy is inherent under Article 21. The Delhi High Court observed that right to privacy that flows from Article 21 couldn’t be invoked against private entities. It can not be denied that it is of practical importance that a precarious balance between the fundamental right to expression and the right to ones privacy be maintained. ‘Right to Privacy’ has ceased to have any pragmatic value where ‘sting operations’ define the order of the day. The right to privacy is an alleged human right, which may restrain both government and private party action that threatens the privacy of individuals. It has been recognized as a fundamental right by the Hon’ble SC under Article 21.

The Supreme Court in R. Rajagopal and Another v. State of Tamil Nadu and Others are true reminiscence of the limits of freedom of press with respect to the right to privacy:

“A citizen has a right to safeguard the privacy of his own, his family, marriage, procreation, motherhood, child bearing and education among other matters. No one can publish anything concerning the above matters without his consent – whether truthful or otherwise and whether laudatory or critical. If he does so, he would be violating the right to privacy of the person concerned and would be liable in an action for damages. Position may, however, be different, if a person voluntarily thrusts himself into controversy or voluntarily invites or raises a controversy.”

In another landmark judgment which addressed the issue of privacy was the telephone tapping case- People’s Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India the Court observed:

“The right to privacy by itself has not been identified under the Constitution. As a concept it may be too wide and moralistic to define it judicially. Whether right to privacy can be claimed or has been infringed in a given case would depend on the facts of the said case….”

Against Public Morality: There is the classic ethical problem that haunts all sting operations: can you hold somebody responsible for a crime that he would not have committed if you hadn’t encouraged him? The essence of all entrapment is that you promise a man a reward for breaking the law and then, apprehend him when he takes the bait. All sting operations involve making people commit crimes that they would not otherwise have committed and are therefore immoral. It is against the public morality and decency and hence falls within the purview of Article 19 (2).

The 17th Law Commission in its 200th report has made recommendations to the Centre to enact a law to prevent the media from interfering with the privacy rights of the individuals.

Problems With Sting Operations
The classic ethical problem that haunts all sting operations: – can you hold somebody responsible for a crime that he would not have committed if you hadn’t encouraged him? The essence of all entrapment is that you promise a man a reward for breaking the law and then, apprehend him when he takes the bait. A defence that can be taken by the accused that the act had been committed as a result of inducement, and which he (the accused) did not intend himself to commit, or, in cases where lack of consent constitutes the offence, such as rape, that the consent had been implied by the inducement, where because of the ‘trap’ laid down for the accused, the impression given was that an offence had not been committed.

Fundamental rights can’t be enforced against the individual or private entity: When Maneka Gandhi sued Khushwant Singh over certain references to her in his autobiography “Truth, Love and a Little Malice” saying that it was a violation of her privacy, she lost the case. It is precisely because of this lack of legislation that we have numerous Sing Operations taking place almost daily thereby obtruding upon individual privacy. However, despite the growing invasion of privacy, there is no Indian legislation that directly protects the privacy rights of individuals against individuals.

Conflict of Laws: Although on one hand, the Constitution confers the fundamental right of freedom of the press, Article 105 (2) provides certain restrictions on the publications of the proceedings in Parliament. In the famous Searchlight Case , the Supreme Court held that, the publication by a newspaper of certain parts of the speech of members in the House, which were ordered to be expunged by the Speaker constituted a breach of privilege.

Another major problem which we face today is against whom the sting operation is allowed? Some are of the opinion that it must be allowed against the public servants. The definition of “Public Servant” is given in 2(c) of The Prevention of Corruption Act. Again a problem comes that can we have sting operation against the public servants when they are not in their course of duty? There are so many problems which arise because we do not have proper legislation. We can say the root of all these problems is the lack of legislation first and any thing after.

Position Of Sting Operation In India
In India we have no specific law which governs such operation and also we have no judicial pronouncements till today which guides such operations or the acts of the media. But a person can go to the court under different laws to protect his rights and freedom. We have wiretapping which is a part of sting operation is regulated under the Telegraph Act of 1885. In 1996 decision by the Supreme Court which ruled that wiretaps are a “serious invasion of an individual’s privacy” The Court also laid out guidelines for wiretapping by the government, which define who can tap phones and under what circumstances. Only the Union Home Secretary, or his counterpart in the states, can issue an order for a tap. The government is also required to show that the information sought cannot to be obtained through any other means. The Court mandated the development of a high-level committee to review the legality of each wiretap. Tapped phone calls are not accepted as primary evidence in Indian courts.

Apart from the common law, the Supreme Court has recognized a constitutional origin as well. So, firstly, a private action for damages may lie for an unlawful invasion of privacy under The Law of Torts. These sting operations also violates right to privacy which according to the Supreme Court is guaranteed under Article 21- right to life and personal liberty. As we are provide that the freedom of expression guarantee in Article 19(1)(a) is not absolute therefore the constitution provides with Article 19(2) which protects the public interest morality and decency. A person who welcomes media interest in his life will not be able to claim a right to privacy as easily as a ‘private individual’. There is vast room for interpretation, especially with terms such as ‘private affairs’ and ‘public interest’; and interpretation will be made by the regulatory authority even though the onus on proving that a particular publication was in public interest lies with the media house. Undoubtedly, the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court will certainly influence interpretation The Apex Court has always upheld the importance of an informed citizenry. A ‘sting operation’ with a genuine motive to create awareness of wrongdoing, cannot be proscribed or prohibited.

Final Remarks:
The Union Information and Broadcasting Ministry must favour the introduction of a clause to address “Sting Operations” in the Broadcasting Bill. The Ministry must make a clear distinction between stories that amount to an “invasion of privacy” and those which expose corruption or have political implications. However, “Sting Operations” which expose corruption and tell stories with political implications will be allowed, as any attempt to proceed against them would be seen as an effort to stifle the media.

What journalists and editors need to determine is who will benefit as a result of the reporting. If journalism is committed to democratic accountability, then the question that needs to be asked is whether the public benefits as a result of specific investigative reports. Does the press fulfill its social responsibility in revealing wrongdoing? Whose interests are being affected? Whose rights are being invaded? Is the issue at stake a matter of legitimate public interest? What the regulatory body will need to determine is who will benefit as a result of the reporting. Is the issue at stake a matter of legitimate public interest? These are some questions which need to be answered when going for a sting operation or going for making legislation on it.

The legislation must govern the conduct of the media and must define the extent media can sting a person’s life and whom they can sting? In the US for example, it is only the federal government and the FBI alone has the right to use a hidden camera and go for sting operation. In India too some body like CBI or any other body must only be legalized to perform sting and their conduct must be regulated through the legislations. This body must not be immune to any legal proceedings. There must be a proper authority like court or Attorney General, whose permission must be sought on proper proof against the subject of the sting. The subject of the sting must have the evidence of criminality

Today the sting operations is taking place for commercial gains therefore the Supreme Court should take observations about it. Problem with the media is that it only campaigns for cases which appeal to its market and its imagination, which may result in its good reputation in front of the society.

To avoid falling into that trap, the sting operations need a code of conduct. Laws too, should be strengthened in this regard. Sting operations are completely justified if they are carried out with the protocol that has been talked about.

Pictures have become the latest and the most attractive way to advertise anything in the world. Be it an item or a service, the factual individuality of everything is revealed through pictures. It is truly said ‘Pictures reflect the external identity of an individual’. Pictures give you the unspoken messages by an individual. Pictures give the foremost idea about any individual or a product. Well you can view a world in pictures. Not only products are promoted through pictures but also the Hollywood and Bollywood actresses market themselves by pictures. The amazing photographs of Hollywood and Bollywood actresses often draw a great audience towards it. These actresses have a perfect body to expose and attract a hue audience towards their pictures. The pictures of hot Hollywood and Bollywood babes assist the movie business to earn a huge income as the sizzling and sexy actresses pose amazing styles that increase interest amongst the youngsters to watch the movie and take delight to watch them on a complete screen. Not just the young males, even the females and the older age group prefer to see the film of such alluring actresses that reveal amazing pictures for promotion. What makes the pictures of Hollywood and Bollywood actresses so attractive and exciting? – Hollywood and Bollywood actresses have attractive face with sharp features to attract a lot of public towards their photographs. – These actresses have a proper and a appealing body that is ideal for capturing hot pictures. – They have an incredible sexy figure that makes them look hot and attractive, example, Katrina Kaif, Shilpa Shetty, Bipasha Basu are few of the sexiest Bollywood women in the tinsel town, Angelina Jolie, Camerol Dias, Julia Roberts are few of the hot women from Hollywood.. – The exposing clothes worn by the Hollywood and Bollywood actresses for their sexy flicks make them appear sizzling hot and tempting. They wear clothes that exposes their body and hence this is what most of the men get thrilled for. – The sexy stills that they strike during the photograph sessions make them appear appealing. With such a lot of glamour and glitz revealed in the pictures of Hollywood and Bollywood actresses, people will surely get lured to have a glimpse at them. There are several websites where you can see numerous pictures of Hollywood and Bollywood actresses. You can see the most fascinating and appealing stills given by these gorgeous actresses. The pictures are so hot that the viewers are urged to click on the link and watch the larger photos to get a better view and admire the beauty queens. The hot pictures are not just advantageous for marketing films but also produce good profits for the website owners who display these exciting pictures and get paid per click. These actresses also click pictures for promoting products or apparels especially innergarments or beachwear. By this way they not just reveal their sexy bodies but also drive a great audience towards them, this aids to effectively market a brand as well as help them earn publicity. The Hollywood and Bollywood hot actresses photos allure the young audience as well as helps to advertise a movie or a brand for which they are working. Their awesome attractiveness and appealing figure have produced a huge impact on the minds of their observers to the extent that they desire to see them for infinite times. So boys, your wait is over, see the sizzling hot actresses in their exciting pictures.

Kidnap : sanjay dutt and imran khan

one the of the new movie going to be realease on this 2008

kidnap is cash or acted by sanjay dutt,Imran Khan, minissha Lamba and vidya Malvade

 

 

Bollywood is the word used for the film industry which produces the hindi language movies Bollywood is also used to define the whole indian cinema or indian movies.. Bollywood is only the part of indian film industry.Bollywood is one of the largest or highest movie producer in india and in the world.Bollywood is mainly depend of hindi language.

the name Bollywood came from the old name of mumbai name bombay and hollywood.However, unlike hollywood ,Bollywood
Bollywood is commonly refered to as hindi cinema as collaquial base common both hindi and urdu, might be more accurate. now a day even the english is being use in the Bollywood.

Bollywood has comedy,action,dance ,emitona and one special song of Bollywood movie is song in the movie along dance.

 

Meet Jai Singh Rathore – ‘Rats’ (Imran Khan), the most non-violent Rajput either side of the Aravallis. And meet, if you dare, the violent and passionate Aditi Mahant – ‘Meow’ (Genelia D’Souza). Whatever you do, do not pick a fight with her. She scratches. And abuses. If you do get into a scrap, take cover till Jai arrives, as he alone can calm our snarling wildcat.

Jai thinks Aditi’s parents should have rinsed her mouth with soap when she was a child. Aditi thinks that Jai is the biggest coward she has ever encountered. There is nothing Rajput-like in him. Heaven has mixed up its apples and oranges.

Rotlu weeps secretly for Aditi. Bombs’ heart explodes for Jai. Jiggy applies golden mascara to his hair. Shaleen… well, she’s probably the only one who doesn’t seem a few notes short of a concerto.

Jai and Aditi are perfect for each other (in some odd, distorted way, impossible to understand). Friends know this. Parents know this. Everybody knows this. But do Rats and Meow know?

Can two people ever, truly, know the secrets of their hearts? And how do you know it’s the real thing? Will they find love in each other? When do you know it’s love?

As the Supreme Court of India noted in its landmark judgment pertaining to the broadcast media, ‘the airwaves’ are ‘public property’. Their use has to be controlled and regulated by a public authority in the interests of the public and to prevent the invasion of their rights. Obviously the only legitimate role for the state in this regard is that of trustees for the public. It is surprising to see a government organization enforcing its rights so aggressively. India’s national broadcaster ‘Doordarshan’ having taken a strong objection to private news channels using the unauthorized recording of the Beijing Olympics 2008. Prasar Bharti has obtained an order from the Delhi High Court that restrains all private news channels from sharing Doordarshan’s footage of the Beijing Olympics, unless they enter into a commercial agreement with Prasar Bharati and the Indian Olympics Association. Then they issued a letter to all private broadcasting organizations states that their sole rights over the broadcasting of the Beijing Olympics, and anyone interested of showing it on their channel needs to make an agreement with us.
Prasar Bharati filed a complaint against private news channels before the Delhi High Court on August 22, 2008 for “encroaching” on exclusive broadcast rights to the Beijing Olympics 2008 . They paid around $3 million for getting the exclusive broadcasting right to the Olympics Association. The only way of to recover this investment is the sale of advertising spots, and the sale of footage to other broadcasters. They argue footage beamed by other news channels damages these viable interests. So the national broadcaster is set to claim damages of around Rs 5 crore from over a dozen news channels for illegal usage of footage. Several news channels have been using the live telecast especially in the last few days of Olympics; it includes the games involved by Indian participants Abhinav Bindra (shooting), Sushil Kumar (wrestling), Vijender Kumar (boxing), Saina Nehwal (badminton) and Anju Bobby George (athletics).
The private news channels for their part can argue the “fair dealing” exception under section 52 of Indian Copyright Act which allows for the use of copyrighted material for the purpose of reporting current events. It is most likely that the news channels will get away with breaching the guidelines, while broadcasting more than 10 seconds of the medal winning matches, by citing public interest; however, there will still be hell to pay for broadcasting the spectacular opening ceremony which was one of the most viewed events in the world. The same stands true if any news channel was broadcasting entire events.
They also argue in the defense of using footage hinged primarily on two points. The first point put across by the private channels was that since the Olympic Games take place once in four years, it was in ‘public interest’ to show it to the larger public in India, especially when Indian sports persons have won medals for the country in their respective sports items. The second point was that the footage of the Olympics beamed by the private news channels clearly showed “Dordarshan’s logo”, which not only ensured that the footage did not pass off as their own, but actually helped moved eyeballs to DD sports.
On March 15, 2004, the Supreme Court produce a provisional order on a special leave petition (SLP) filed by the agent of exclusive telecast rights holder for the India-Pakistan cricket series, Taj Sports India Pvt Ltd . After hearing of arguments, the Apex Court has directed Ten Sports which is the management company of Taj Television Ltd, to share the signal with DD citing ‘public interest’ since India was a cricket crazy nation and more than half the cricket crazy people did not have access to Ten Sports. It was clarified in the order that Ten’s signal should be relayed by DD as is complete with logo and all the advertising that the Dubai-based sports broadcaster Taj television ltd has secured. The apex court also ordered Prasar Bharati to deposit Rs 100 million with it as surety towards compensation payable, if any, to Ten Sports in regard to the dispute .

On February 17, 2006 the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) on awarded global media rights to Nimbus Communications for all international and domestic crickets owned or controlled by BCCI to be played in India over the next four years. The broadcasting rights from March 1, 2006, to March 31, 2010. Nimbus Communications paid $612 million to BCCI for getting this exclusive right. Public broadcaster Prasar Bharati did not participate in the bidding process. This leads to next dispute between Nimbus and DD in January 2007 regarding the broadcasting right over the second One Day International between India and West Indies. Nimbus filed a petition before the Delhi High Court for preventing DD from using footage of our exclusive right. But in its provisional order, the court directed Nimbus to provide feed to DD, which will telecast it on DD International and its DTH service. The cricket action on DD International will, however, be at a delay of seven minutes. Considering the popularity of sports events in India especially cricket, DD and government always manages to force private broadcasters into sharing their signal with national broadcaster.
In an interview given to CNN-IBN, the Union Information and Broadcasting Minister Priyaranjan Dasmunsi said “BCCI had no right to sell the terrestrial and radio broadcasting rights to Nimbus because they are sacrosanct and belong to Prasar Bharati and AIR respectively,” Dasmunsi went as far as alleging that BCCI violated government guidelines when it invited tenders to sell the cricket broadcasting rights. BCCI Secretary Niranjan Shah responds that they would abide by the rules of the country but they too need to earn money. “We will look at it. We have to abide by the rules and regulations of the country but we have to also earn money. If we don’t sell the rights how will we get the money?
For escaping from the continuing conflict over the distribution/sharing of broadcasting signal, Doordarshan used its supremacy with the ministry for Information and Broadcasting (I&B), which made it mandatory for private television channels to share their live feed of the all one day international (ODI) cricket matches and the Twenty20 ties and some other test matches, citing public interest abroad . This “Broadcasting Signals Ordinance 2007” mandates that live television and radio feed, minus advertisements, be shared with Doordarshan and All India Radio for events judged as being of national importance by the Union Government. On the contrary, private television channels had paid substantial amounts of cash to secure telecast rights to all of those matches .

Pc cool wallpapers with best resolution increase your desktop beauty and give a lot of happiness to you and build your confidence. Similarly sexy & hot bollywood acteress factual description, sex carries a significant weight in all aspect of the entire world. It does affect people’s discourse in various areas apart from politics, religion, sports, economics, education and entertainment.

The bollywood acteress like Priyanka Chopra, sexy Shilpa Shetty, bootylicious Ayesha Takia, hot Bipasha Basu, gorgeous Malaika Arora, stunning Katrina Kaif and beautiful Aishwarya Rai are well-known successful acteress in bollywood.

The all time news buzz Mallika Sherawat is an eminent figure in bollywood for her sexy body and showing her skin. From the hot and spicy films like Murder, Mallika had set a trend for highlighting bollywood breasts. Exposing bollywood boobs has now become a vital trend in gaining instant popularity for which bollywood sexiest actresses are adopting various mode like as featuring themselves.

Unlike other field there have very good and attractive wallpapers come from games. Games wallpaper attracts most of young blood and game lover very effectively and increase desktop beauty in creative manner. Game wallpaper or 3d wallpaper mostly likes by creative people.

According to a report, the sizzling Bipasha’s bust line has more increased by 3 inches. She underwent this surgery for her role in the movie Jism in which she has exposed bollywood breasts a lot. These sex babes sexily highlight their cleavage onscreen and offscreen as well. The two sisters Malaika Arora Khan and Amrita Arora Khan are also known for their bold poses and appearance. The elder one is recently spotted in bollywood bikini in the current released movie Welcome. Most heard name in bollywood bikini is of Celina Jaitley who mostly appears in bikini on the screen exposing bollywood boobs. Bollywood actresses like Koena Mitra, Kim Sharma, item girl Rakhi Sawant, Bipasha Basu, Ayesha Takia, Mallika Sherawat etc are well known for having sexiest bollywood breasts.

The existence of bollywood boobs of bollywood sex iest actresses is not a present trend but it is prevailing since the golden era of legendary Raj kapoor. In his great hits like Mera Naam Joker, Satyam shivam Sundaram, Ram Teri Ganga Maili and Prem Rog, the actresses were dressed in a way to showing up their cleavage of Bollywood Breasts, boobs .

After turning down by bollywood beauties like Esha Deol and Malaika Arora to walk on the ramp in two-piece exclusively for the Ms. Bikini India contest, the next name in the list is of Neetu Chandra who will be performing hot numbers in the event wearing bollywood bikini to add a little glamour in the most awaited event.

Pakistan has a rich and diverse cultural heritage. Pakistanis celebrate their culture through folk music, dance, and festivals. They have a strong appreciation for poetic expression and storytelling. The history of the country comes to life in the splendid architectural detail of centuries-old mosques and forts. After it became part of the expansive Mughal Empire in 1526, the region that is now Pakistan entered a golden age of literature, architecture, and music.

A Literature

Most Pakistanis adore poetry and commonly memorize long poems. A mushaira (poetry reading) in Pakistan can attract hundreds of listeners. Among classical poets in the Urdu language, Mirza Ghalib is perhaps the most widely admired. Ghalib, who wrote in the 19th century, is known for his lyrical and spiritual ghazals. Ghazals are the most popular form of poetry in the Urdu and Persian languages.

The official national poet of Pakistan is Allama (”the Wise”) Muhammad Iqbal. He earned the title of poet-philosopher of Pakistan not only because he was an exceptionally talented poet, but also because he was active in the politics of his time. In 1930 he called for the creation of a separate Muslim state in northwestern British India. He wrote poetry in Urdu and Persian and gave university lectures in English.

Faiz Ahmed Faiz is perhaps the most adored modern poet in Pakistan. Faiz began writing poetry in the 1950s after a distinguished journalism career. His ghazals are primarily concerned with class struggle, rather than the conventional themes of love and beauty. A progressive writer, Faiz was also a political dissident, and military governments banned his poetry from television and radio. Ahmad Fraz, Muneer Niazi, and Parveen Shakir are some of the other popular Urdu-language poets of Pakistan.

Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, a Sufi mystic who in the first half of the 18th century wrote about love and Sindhi life, is the most revered poet of the Sindhi language. His poetry is widely recited by illiterate and educated Sindhis alike. Khushal Khan Khattak is the most famous poet of the Pashto language. In the 17th century he wrote poetry describing the beauty of women and nature, using military metaphors. The most well-known poet of the Punjabi language is Bulleh Shah, of the 17th century, whose poetry challenged the religious orthodoxy. In recent years short stories and travelogues have gained literary prominence, in addition to poetry.

B Music and Film

Traditional Vocal Music of Pakistan Pakistani music and culture bear the influence of past invaders: Greeks, Arabs, Mongols, and Afghans. Until the division of India, the music of Pakistan was a part of the Indian musical culture. As a result, the instrumentation is strongly Indian, but rhythms, scales, song repertoire, and technique represent a unique synthesis of these diverse musical cultures. This is an example of a Dholak Geet, a type of folk song sung by groups of women or girls that celebrates village life in the Pakistani state of Punjab.”Dholak Geet” de Folk Music of Pakistan (Cat.# Folkways FE 4425) (p)1951 Smithsonian/Folkways Recordings. All rights reserved.

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The classical music tradition in Pakistan traces its roots to the 13th-century poet and musician Amir Khusru, who composed the earliest ragas, the traditional rhythmic form. To play the ragas, Muslim musicians invented the sitar, a long guitar-like stringed instrument, and the tabla, a small pair of hand drums.

Qawwali, a form of devotional song, arose as part of the Sufi (Islamic religious sect) tradition. This rich vocal tradition is based on melodic and free-rhythmic song-poems and classical musical forms. It is traditionally performed at the shrines of Sufi saints, but today qawwali singers also perform for major secular events. Qawwali singer Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan won international popularity in the late 20th century by infusing qawwali performances with new form and style. Other traditional musical forms—including the Punjabi bhangra, the Sindhi juhumar, and the Pashtun khattack—have also acquired new forms and continue to be popular for dancing. Punjabi, Pashto, and Sindhi folk songs are popular in rural Pakistan. Modern Pakistani musical groups and singers have introduced new forms of pop music based on traditional melodies.

Qawwali Singer Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan Qawwali is a form of Sufi devotional music drawing on melodic and free-rhythmic song-poems and classical musical forms. Traditionally performed at the shrines of Sufi saints, qawwali is now also heard at major secular events. In the late 20th century the qawwali recordings of singer Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan gained international popularity.”Hamd” from Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan: En Concert a Paris Vol. 1 (Cat.# Ocora C 558658) (p)1988 Ocora/Radio France. All rights reserved.

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Most Pakistanis prefer and enjoy songs from Pakistani and Indian movies. These songs are commonly played on radio and television. A synthesis of musical scores from movies, traditional folk music, and popular Western music is gaining popularity.

The film industry of Pakistan, known as Lollywood, is concentrated in Lahore. Most Pakistani movies are long, melodramatic love stories with plenty of songs. The film industry is often regulated and censored by the government. Films must follow the conventions of Islamic law, and the showing of physical contact such as kissing is prohibited. In the mid-1970s the industry produced about 150 movies a year, but since then the number has declined. In the 1980s the market for Pakistani films shrunk as a result of restrictions imposed by the military regime of Muhammad Zia ul-Haq and the availability of smuggled videotapes of Indian and Western movies.

Television became a major cultural influence in Pakistan in the 1980s, when the state-controlled network, Pakistan Television, attained national reach. It aired both Pakistani and American shows. In recent years satellite and cable television services have significantly increased access to international networks offering many different cultural and political perspectives.

C Architecture

Tomb of Emperor Jahangir, Lahore Built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in the 17th century, the tomb of the Emperor Jahangir is intricately decorated with a variety of patterns and colors. Seen here is the outer wall and one of the four minarets that surround the garden in which the emperor’s tomb is located.Christine Osborne Pictures

 

Pakistan has inherited a combination of Mughal and British colonial architectural forms. Mughal architects combined the Muslim preferences for large domes, slender towers, and archways with the Hindu use of red sandstone, white marble, and inlaid jewels. Mughal artists decorated the monuments with verses from the Quran, the sacred text of Islam. The best example of this architecture is the Badshahi Mosque and Lahore Fort (built between the 1580s and 1670s). The courtyard of the mosque can accommodate 100,000 worshipers, making it the second largest mosque in the world. Pakistan also has the world’s largest mosque, the Faisal Mosque in Isl

Quranic calligraphy and miniature painting have a strong tradition in Pakistan dating to Mughal rule. The most celebrated miniature and mural paintings and calligraphic works were created in the 20th century by Abdul Rehman Chughtai and Sadequain. These Mughal traditions are also visible on colorfully painted and decorated trucks and buses that ply the country.

D Libraries and Museums

Kar?chi is the seat of some of the most important libraries in Pakistan; these include the Liaquat Memorial Library (1950), the Central Secretariat Library (1950), and the University of Kar?chi library. Also of note are the National Archives of Pakistan, in Isl?m?b?d, and the Punjab Public Library (1884), in Lahore.

The National Museum of Pakistan (1950), in Kar?chi, is noted for its archaeological material from the Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa sites in the Indus Valley. Important materials from this ancient civilization are also found at the Institute of Sindhology, in J?m Shoro, and the Hyder?b?d Museum. The Lahore Museum (1864), the country’s largest museum, and the Pesh?war Museum (1906) also have exhibits on the rich cultural history of the region. The Industrial and Commercial Museum, in Lahore, contains exhibits on the manufactures of Pakistan. The National Museum of Science and Technology is a participatory science center in Lahore.

?m?b?d, a gift from Saudi Arabia that was constructed in the 1980s. It was designed by a Turkish architect to look like an Arab desert tent. Other examples of Mughal architecture include Shalimar Gardens (laid out in 1641), in Lahore; the Shah Jahan Mosque (17th century), in Thatta, Sind Province; and the mid-18th-century tomb of the great Sindhi poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, in Bhit Sh?h, near Hyder?b?d.